Micromirror having reduced space between hinge and mirror plate of the micromirror

ABSTRACT

A spatial light modulator is disclosed, along with a method for making such a modulator that comprises an array of micromirror devices. The center-to-center distance and the gap between adjacent micromirror devices are determined corresponding to the light source being used so as to optimize optical efficiency and performance quality. The micromirror device comprises a hinge support formed on a substrate and a hinge that is held by the hinge support. A mirror plate is connected to the hinge via a contact, and the distance between the mirror plate and the hinge is determined according to desired maximum rotation angle of the mirror plate, the optimum gap and pitch between the adjacent micromirrors. In a method of fabricating such spatial light modulator, one sacrificial layer is deposited on a substrate followed by forming the mirror plates, and another sacrificial layer is deposited on the mirror plates followed by forming the hinge supports. The two sacrificial layers are removed via the small gap between adjacent mirror devices with spontaneous vapor phase chemical etchant. Also disclosed is a projection system that comprises such a spatial light modulator, as well as a light source, condensing optics, wherein light from the light source is focused onto the array of micromirrors, projection optics for projecting light selectively reflected from the array of micromirrors onto a target, and a controller for selectively actuating the micromirrors in the array.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related generally to the art of microelectromechanical systems, and, more particularly, to micromirror array devices comprising a plurality of micromirror devices for use in display systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to spatial light modulators having reflective micromirrors that are provided within a micromirror array for, e.g., projection-type displays (or for steering light beams, maskless lithography and maskless micro array production). A simplified such display system is illustrated in FIG. 1. In its very basic configuration, display system 100 comprises light source 102, optical devices (e.g. light pipe 104, condensing lens 106 and projection lens 108), display target 112 and spatial light modulator 110 that further comprises a plurality of micromirror devices (e.g. an array of micromirror devices). Light source 102 (e.g. an arc lamp) emits light through the light integrator/pipe 104 and condensing lens 106 and onto spatial light modulator 110. The micromirrors of the spatial light modulator 110 are selectively actuated by a controller (e.g. as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,388,661 issued May 14, 2002 incorporated herein by reference) so as to reflect—when in their “ON” position—the incident light into projection optics 108, resulting in an image on display target 112 (screen, a viewer's eyes, a photosensitive material, etc.). Generally, more complex optical systems, such as systems employing more than three spatial light modulators (each being designated for modulating one of the three primary colors—red, green and red) are often used, especially in displaying applications for color images.

It is often desirable for the display system to have a bright image. Brighter images are made possible by a number of factors, including the optical efficiency of the micromirror array itself (fill factor, diffraction, reflectivity of the mirrors, etc.) as well as the optical efficiency of the projection system (light source, light loss via filters and lenses, micromirror array optical efficiency, etc.). One way of increasing the brightness of a projection display is to use a shorter arc length arc lamp. For example, an arc length of 0.7 mm or 1.0 mm has a higher brightness than a lamp with an arc length of 1.3 mm or 1.6 mm, because the beam produced by smaller arc length lamps can be more easily passed through an optical system.

However, using an arc lamp in a projection system preferably utilizes a micromirror array with preferred dimension. In particular, for an arc lamp with a given arc length, it is desired for the spatial light modulator to have a large enough size—if the optical efficiency of the projection system (or more specifically, the optical coupling efficiency, to which the brightness of images produced by the spatial light modulator, of the light source to the array) is not to be degraded. A large spatial light modulator, however, is not cost-effective due to many factors, such as higher costs in manufacturing and optical elements (e.g. condensing and projection lenses). In practical design of the display system and the spatial light modulator, the cost-effectiveness and the optical efficiency need to be balanced—yielding an optimal size of the spatial light modulator.

The diameter of a micromirror array is proportional to the micromirror pitch (defined as the center-to-center distance between adjacent micromirrors) for a given resolution (defined as the number of micromirrors in the micromirror array) of the micromirror array. Given a spatial light modulator with optimum size, the micromirror pitch needs to be reduced if a higher resolution is desired. Because the mirror pitch is a summation of the gap between adjacent micromirrors and the size of the micromirror, reduction of the mirror pitch requires reduction of the gap between adjacent micromirrors if fill factor (the percentage of reflective area to total array size and measured by a ratio of the mirror size to the pitch) is not to be lost.

Therefore, what is needed is a spatial light modulator having an array of micromirror devices and a method of making such a spatial light modulator that allows for higher resolutions while maintain the same optimum size.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the present invention, both designs of micromirror arrays of spatial light modulators and methods of making the same are provided. The spatial light modulators allow for micromirror arrays having smaller overall dimensions, while allowing for good resolution and optical efficiency. Moreover, the spatial light modulator allows for higher resolutions and optical efficiency while maintaining the same dimension of the micromirror array. In a number of embodiments of the invention, micromirror arrays are constructed having a pitch of 10.16 micrometers or less. In other embodiments, micromirror array designs include micromirror arrays having a gap between adjacent micromirrors of 0.5 micrometers or less, and in other embodiments the gap is from 0.1 to 0.5 micrometer. In yet other embodiments, micromirrors are constructed that do not have symmetric ON and OFF positions. In still further embodiments, methods for making mirror arrays utilize spontaneous gas phase chemical etchants to provide mirrors having smaller than usual dimensions.

In an embodiment of the invention, a method is disclosed. The method comprises: depositing two sacrificial layers on a substrate; forming an array of mirror plates on one of the two sacrificial layers; forming a hinge, for each mirror plate, on the other sacrificial layer of the two sacrificial layers, wherein the sacrificial layer between the mirror plate and the hinge is from 0.15 to 0.45 micrometers; and removing at least a portion of one or both of the two sacrificial layers using a spontaneous vapor phase chemical etchant.

In another embodiment of the invention, a spatial light modulator is disclosed. The spatial light modulator comprises: an array of movable mirror plates, each mirror plate being attached to a hinge that is supported by a hinge structure such that the mirror plate can rotate relative to a substrate, on which the hinge structure is formed; and wherein the hinge and the mirror plate is spaced apart from 0.5 to 1.5 micrometers.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, a projector is disclosed. The projector comprises: a light source; a spatial light modulator that further comprises: an array of mirror devices formed on a substrate for selectively reflecting light incident on the mirror devices, wherein each mirror device comprises: a mirror plate for reflecting light; a hinge attached to the mirror plate such that the mirror plate can rotate relative to the substrate, wherein the hinge and the mirror plate are spaced apart from 0.5 to 1.5 micrometers; and a hinge support on the substrate for holding the hinge on the substrate; a condensing lens for directing light from the light source onto the spatial light modulator; and a projecting lens for collecting and directing light reflected from the spatial light modulator onto a display target.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, a projector is disclosed. The projector comprises: a light source; and a spatial light modulator that further comprises: an array of movable mirror plates formed on a substrate for selectively reflecting a light beam incident on the mirror plates, wherein adjacent mirror plates have a center-to-center distance from 4.38 to 10.16 micrometers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

While the appended claims set forth the features of the present invention with particularity, the invention, together with its objects and advantages, may be best understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary display system employing a spatial light modulator;

FIG. 2 is illustrates a exemplary spatial light modulator having an array of micromirrors;

FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing the brightness of the produced images by the micromirror array, the cost of fabricating the micromirror array and the value (defined as the brightness per cost) versus the diameter of the micromirror array;

FIG. 4 plots the variation of the pitch size with the diameter of the micromirror array at different resolutions;

FIG. 5 plots the variation of the illumination efficiency of the micromirror array device with the pixel pitch;

FIG. 6 a schematically illustrates a minimum gap defined by two adjacent mirror plates that rotate symmetrically;

FIG. 6 b schematically illustrates another minimum gap defined by two adjacent mirror plates that rotate symmetrically, wherein the distance between the mirror plate and the hinge is less than that in FIG. 6 a;

FIG. 6 c schematically illustrates yet another minimum gap defined by two adjacent mirror plates that rotate asymmetrically, wherein the distance between the mirror plate and the hinge is the same as that in FIG. 6 b;

FIG. 7 is a cross-section view of two adjacent micromirrors illustrating the relative rotational positions of two adjacent mirror plates when one micromirror is at the OFF state and the other one at the ON state;

FIG. 8 a illustrates an exemplary micromirror array according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 b illustrates a micromirror device of the micromirror array of FIG. 8 a;

FIG. 9 a illustrates another exemplary micromirror array according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 b illustrates a micromirror device of the micromirror array of FIG. 9 a;

FIG. 10 a through 10 c are cross-sectional view of the micromirror during an exemplary fabrication process;

FIG. 11 is a flow chart showing steps executed in an etching process for removing sacrificial layers;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing major components used in the etching process of FIG. 11; and

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a mirror device in the midst of an etching process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In the present invention, both designs of micromirror arrays of spatial light modulators and methods of making the same are provided. The spatial light modulators allow for micromirror arrays having smaller overall diameters, while allowing for good resolution and optical efficiency. Moreover, the spatial light modulator allows for higher resolutions and optical efficiency while maintaining the same overall dimensions of the micromirror array of the spatial light modulator.

According to the invention, the light source of the display system is an arc lamp with a short arc length preferably 1.6 millimeters or less, more preferably 1.3 millimeters or less, more preferably 1.0 millimeters or less. The power of the arc lamp is preferably from 100 watts to 250 watts.

The dimension of the micromirror array and the spatial light modulator is defined with reference FIG. 2. Spatial light modulator 110 comprises an array of micromirrors that has m×n micromirrors (e.g. micromirror device 114), wherein m and n respectively represent the number of micromirror devices in a row and a column of the array. The micromirror array also has a well defined diagonal, which is generally measured in inches. As shown in the insert figure, a gap and pitch is defined by two adjacent micromirrors. L_(plate) measures the size of the micromirror, and W_(post) measures the post area of the micromirror. The post area is the area in which posts (e.g. post 219 in FIG. 8 b and FIG. 9 b) for holding the mirror plate are formed. Though the insert figure illustrates the dimensions of the micromirror and the adjacent micromirrors with the micromirror of rectangular shape, those dimension definitions are applicable to any micromirrors and micromirror arrays.

To be compatible with an arc lamp as the light source of the display system, while satisfying the cost-effectiveness requirement, an optimum diameter is determined for the micromirror array of the spatial light modulator. For example, in a display system using an arc lamp with an arc length around 1.0 mm, the brightness of images produced by the spatial light modulator modulating light from the arc lamp, the cost of spatial light modulator and value (defined as the brightness per cost) versus the overall diameter of the spatial light modulator are illustratively plotted in FIG. 3. Referring to FIG. 3, brightness and cost are respectively plotted in dash-line and dotted-line with reference to the Y axis on the right side. The value is plotted in solid-line with reference to Y axis on the left side. As can be seen from the figure, brightness increases with the diameter of the micromirror array increasing and saturates after the diameter of the micromirror array is around 0.8 inch. As a simple approximation, the cost is linearly proportional to the diameter of the micromirror array. The value, defined as the brightness per cost, varies with the diameter of the micromirror array and presents a maximum value when the diameter is around 0.7 inch. According to the invention, the diameter of the micromirror array is preferably from 0.55 inch to 0.8 inch, more preferably from 0.65 to 0.75 inch, and more preferably around 0.7 inch.

Given the diameter of a micromirror array within a spatial light modulator, the pitch (defined as the center-to-center distance between adjacent micromirrors) of the micromirror array depends upon the resolution of the micromirror array, which can be expressed as: $\begin{matrix} {{Pitch} = \frac{Diameter}{\sqrt{m^{2} + n^{2}}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\quad 1} \right) \end{matrix}$ FIG. 4 illustrates the variation of the pitch versus diameter of the micromirror array at different resolutions. Referring to FIG. 4, open circles, open squares, open triangles and solid circles respectively represents resolutions of 1280×720, 1400×1050, 1600×1200 and 1920×1080. It can be seen from the plot that, when the diameter is around 0.38 inch, the optimum pitch sizes are from 4.38 to 6.57 μm with the resolution varying from 1920×1080 to 1280×720. When the diameter of the micromirror array is around 0.54 inch, the optimum pitch sizes are from 6.23 to 9.34 μm with the resolution varying from 1920×1080 to 1280×720. When the diameter of the micromirror array is around 0.7 inch, the optimum pitch sizes are from 8.07 to 12.11 μm with the resolution varying from 1920×1080 to 1280×720. And when the diameter of the micromirror array is around 0.86 inch, the optimum pitch sizes are from 9.92 to 14.87 μm with the resolution varying from 1920×1080 to 1280×720.

The diameter of the micromirror array depends upon two dimensional parameters—the diagonal of the mirror plate (L_(plate)) of the micromirror and the gap between adjacent micromirrors, as defined in FIG. 2. Of the two parameters, the gap degrades the optical efficiency of the micromirror in reflecting light. This type of degradation can be analyzed in terms of illumination efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the total effective reflective area to the total area of the micromirror array. Specifically, the illumination efficiency (eff) can be expressed as: $\begin{matrix} {{eff} = \frac{\left( {{pitch} - {gap}} \right)^{2} - {2 \times W_{post}^{2}}}{{pitch}^{2}}} & \left( {{Eq}.\quad 2} \right) \end{matrix}$ wherein the term (pitch-gap)²−2×W_(post) ² is the total effective reflection area of the micromirrors of the micromirror array, and pitch² is the total area of the micromirrors of the micromirror array. FIG. 5 plots the illumination efficiency versus the pitch size with the post having a fixed size (W_(post)=1.0 μm) and the gap having a size of 0.5 μm, 0.25 μm and 0.15 μm. Specifically, the line with solid triangles, the line with solid circles and the line with solid circles respectively plot the dependency of the illumination efficiency upon the pixel pitch when the gap is 0.25 μm, 0.5 μm and 0.15 μm, and the post size is 0.5 μm. From the figure, it can be seen that when the gap is around 0.25 μm, the pitch size of the micromirror array is at least 4.38 μm so as to obtain the illumination efficiency higher than 85%. And when the gap is around 0.5 μm, the pitch size of the micromirror array is at least 8.07 μm so as to obtain the illumination efficiency higher than 85%. If the illumination efficiency is desired to be higher than 90%, the pitch size is at least 4.38 μm, 6.23 μm and 10.16 μm when the gap size is around 0.15 μm, 0.25 μm and 0.5 μm, respectively. In the present invention, the pitch size of the micromirror array device is preferably from 4.38 μm to 10.16 μm, preferably from 4.38 μm to 9.34 μm, and preferably from 4.38 μm to 6.57 μm, and preferably from 6.23 μm to 9.34 μm, and more preferably from 8.07 μm to 10.16 μm. It is also preferred that the gap between adjacent micromirrors is 0.5 μm or less, more preferably, from 0.25 μm to 0.5 μm, and more preferably from 0.15 μm to 0.25 μm.

As discussed above, in view of the optical efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the display system, the micromirror array within the spatial light modulator of the display system has an optimum diameter. For a micromirror array with the optimum diameter, it is desired to reduce the pitch size of the micromirror array in order to accommodate more micromirrors—achieving higher resolutions. Because the pitch is a summation of the length of the micromirror and the gap between adjacent micromirrors, the reduction of the pitch can be achieved by either reducing the micromirror size or the gap between adjacent micromirrors. Reduction of the micromirror size without reducing the gap size, however, damages the illumination efficiency of the micromirror array, as discussed with reference to FIG. 5. Therefore, reduction of the gap, as well as reduction of the mirror size, is also preferred in achieving higher resolution for a micromirror array with the given optimum diameter. Though reduction of the pitch can be achieved by reducing the gap size and the mirror size, the gap size and the mirror size do not have to both be reduced. In particular, reduction of the gap is preferred to achieve a small pitch if it is achievable. If the desired small pitch is not achievable by reducing the gap only, mirror size is reduced.

In order to allow for reduction of the gap between adjacent micromirrors of the micromirror array, the micromirror of the present invention is designed such that the mirror plate of the micromirror rotates asymmetrically along a rotation axis, because asymmetric rotation allows for a smaller gap than the symmetric rotation. Moreover, the distance between the mirror plate and the rotation axis is as small as compared to the distance between the mirror plate and the substrate on which the mirror plate is formed. Detailed embodiments will be discussed in the following with reference to FIG. 6 a, FIG. 6 b and FIG. 6 c. As an optional feature of the invention, such asymmetry aids in achieving smaller pitch and gap micromirror arrays without adjacent micromirrors impacting each other.

FIG. 6 a illustrates a cross-sectional view of two adjacent micromirrors, each rotating symmetrically. The solid dark circle in each micromirror represents the rotation axis of the mirror plate. Pitch₁ measures the pitch (equal to the distance between the two rotation axes) between the adjacent micromirrors. t_(sac) is the distance between the mirror plate and the rotation axis. The trajectory of the ends of each mirror plate is plotted in dotted circle. The micromirror 2 is fixed and its mirror plate is rotated clockwise to the OFF state angle corresponding to the OFF state of the micromirror. The micromirror 1 can be fabricated to be closer or further away from micromirror 2. And the pitch, is thus variable. In the figure, the micromirror 1 is placed at a position such that during the counter-clockwise rotation of the mirror plate of the micromirror 1 towards the ON state angle, the “right” end of the mirror plate is tangent but without impacting to the “left” end of the mirror plate of the micromirror 2. From this situation, gap, is defined by the two mirror plates of the two adjacent micromirrors when they are “flat” (e.g. parallel to the substrate or non-deflected).

FIG. 6 b illustrates a cross-sectional view of two adjacent micromirrors, each rotating symmetrically, while the distance t_(sac2) between the mirror plate and the rotation axis is smaller than that in FIG. 6 a, that is t_(sac2)<t_(sac1). By comparing the gaps and pitches in FIG. 6 a and FIG. 6 b, it can be seen that gap₂<gap₁, and pitch₂<pitch₁. That is, the smaller t_(ac2) allows for a smaller gap and smaller pitch micromirror array.

The gap and the pitch between adjacent micromirrors in FIG. 6 b can be made even smaller by attaching the mirror plate to the hinge asymmetrically, as shown in FIG. 6 c. Referring to FIG. 6 c, a cross-sectional view of two adjacent micromirrors, each being attached to the hinge such that he mirror plate rotates asymmetrically along the rotation axis, is illustrated therein. Specifically, each mirror plate is attached to the hinge, and the attachment point is positioned closer to one end of the mirror plate than the other. For example, the attachment point of the mirror plate of the micromirror 1 is positioned away from the “right” end A of the mirror plate. And the attachment point of the mirror plate of the micromirror 2 is positioned towards the “left” end B of the micromirror 2. The mirror plates are otherwise identical to those in FIG. 6 a and FIG. 6 b (e.g. the distance between the mirror plate and the rotation axis in FIG. 6 c is the same as that in FIG. 6 b). The trajectories of the end A and end B of the mirror plates are plotted in dotted circles. Because the rotations of the mirror plates along their rotation axes are asymmetrical, the trajectory circles of the end A and end B are different. By comparing the gaps and the pitches in FIG. 6 b and FIG. 6 c, it can be seen that gap₃ and pitch₃ in FIG. 6 c are smaller than those in FIG. 6 b and FIG. 6 a. In particular, gap₃<gap₂<gap₁, and pitch₃<pitch₂<pitch₁. Though a small distance between the mirror plate and the rotation axis and an asymmetric rotation are not required in the present invention, they aid in the ability to achieve small pitch and small gap micromirror arrays—particularly at the lower ends of the dimension ranges in the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 7, a cross-sectional view of two adjacent micromirrors is illustrated therein. The mirror plates (e.g. mirror plate 116) of the micromirrors each rotates asymmetrically along a rotation axis. Specifically, the mirror plate (e.g. mirror plate 116) is attached to a hinge (e.g. hinge 120) via a hinge contact (e.g. hinge contact 118). The distance between the mirror plate and the hinge is denoted by t_(sac). As can be seen from the figure, the mirror plate is attached to the hinge asymmetrically. Specifically, the attachment point of the mirror plate to the hinge contact is extended towards one end of the mirror plate so as to enabling the mirror plate to rotate asymmetrically to an ON state or an OFF state. The ON state is defined as a state wherein light reflected by the mirror plate is collected by the projection lens (e.g. projection lens 108 in FIG. 1) and generating a “bright” pixel of an image on the display target (e.g. display target 112 in FIG. 1). The OFF state is defined as a state wherein light is reflected by the mirror plate away from the projection lens—resulting a “dark” pixel on the display target.

The ON state angle and the OFF state angle affect the quality of the produced image, such as the contrast ratio of the image. To obtain a high contrast ratio, a large ON state angle corresponding to the ON state and a non-zero OFF state angle corresponding to the OFF state are preferred. Specifically, it is preferred than the ON state angle is from 12° degrees to 18° degrees, and the OFF state angle is from −2° degrees to −8° degrees, wherein the “+” and “−” signs represent opposite rotation directions of the mirror plate as shown in the figure.

The ON state rotation angle and the OFF state rotation angle are achieved by applying an electrostatic force to the mirror plate and providing stop mechanisms for stopping the rotation of the mirror plates when the mirror plate rotates to the ON state angle or the OFF state angle. For example, the stop mechanism can be a substrate (e.g. substrate 210 in FIG. 8 b) on which the mirror plate is formed or designated stops (e.g. stop 216 in FIG. 8 b). In either case, a small distance between the mirror plate and the hinge is desired to benefit large rotation angle for the ON state and a small rotation angle for the OFF state. According to the invention, the distance between the mirror plate and the hinge is preferably from 0.15 to 0.45 micrometers, e.g. from 0.15 to 0.25 micrometers, or from 0.25 to 0.45 micrometers. Larger distance between the mirror plate and the hinge could also be used, such as a distance from 0.5 to 1.5 micrometers, or from 0.5 to 0.8 micrometers, or from 0.8 to 1.25 micrometers, or from 1.25 to 1.5 micrometers.

Referring to FIG. 8 a, an exemplary micromirror array device 110 is illustrated therein. The micromirror array device comprises m×n micromirrors, wherein m and n respectively represents the number of micromirrors in a row and the number of micromirrors in a column of the array. The values of m and n determine the resolution of the displayed images. In the embodiment of the invention, the m×n are preferably 1280×720, 1400×1050, 1600×1200, 1920×1080, 2048×1536 or higher. Adjacent micromirrors in a row or a column of the micromirror array define a gap therebetween. The gap determines the fill factor of the micromirror array device, wherein the fill factor is defined as the ratio of the total area of the mirror plates of the micromirrors to the area of the micromirror array. For example, the fill factor can be calculated by: the area of a micromirror plate of the micromirror divided by the pitch squared, provided that the mirror plates of the micromirrors are identical and the pitch size is uniform over the entire micromirror array. In an embodiment of the invention, the fill factor of the micromirror array device is 85% or higher, and more preferably, 90% or higher. Proximate to micromirror array 220, electrode array 225 is disposed for selectively actuating the micromirrors. For example, an electrostatic field is established between the selected micromirror and the electrode disposed proximate to and designated for rotating the selected micromirror. In response to the electrostatic field, the micromirror rotates relative to substrate 210 to either an ON state or an OFF state (if the OFF state is defined as the micromirror having an angle with substrate 210) such that light incident onto the selected micromirror through substrate 210 can be reflected either into or away from a projection lens (e.g. projection lens 108 in FIG. 1 a).

In this particular example, the micromirrors are formed on substrate 210, such as quartz or glass that is transmissive to visible light. And the electrode array is formed on substrate 215, which is a standard semiconductor wafer. In addition to the electrode array, a circuit array, such as a DRAM or SRAM array is also formed on substrate 215. Each circuit maintains a voltage signal and is connected to one electrode such that the voltage of the electrode is defined by the voltage signal in the circuitry. In this way, the electrostatic field between the mirror plate and the electrode is controlled by the circuit.

FIG. 8 b schematically illustrates a back-view of a micromirror of micromirror array 110. As can be seen, the micromirror comprises mirror plate 212, hinge 222, hinge contact 224 and hinge support 218. The mirror plate is connected to the hinge through the contact. And the hinge is affixed to the hinge support that is formed on substrate 210. It is noted that the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate can rotate relative to the substrate along a rotation axis that is parallel to but offset from a diagonal of the mirror plate when viewed from the top of the substrate. By “parallel to but offset from the diagonal”, it is meant that the axis of rotation can be exactly parallel to or substantially parallel to (±19 degrees) the diagonal of the micromirror but offset from the diagonal when viewed from the above. With this configuration, the mirror plate is able to rotate asymmetrically along the rotation axis in two opposite rotation directions and achieves a large ON state angle compared to the ON state angles achieved by those micromirrors rotating symmetrically. In the present invention, the ON state angle is preferably +12° degrees or more, preferably +16° degrees or more, preferably +18° degrees or more and more preferably +20° degrees or more. And the OFF state angle is preferably from −1° degree to −8° degrees, and preferably around −4° degrees. In addition to the hinge and the contact, other features may also be formed on the hinge support. For example, stops 216 and 217 can be formed on the hinge support for stopping rotations of the mirror plate when the mirror plate achieves the ON state and OFF state angles. Specifically, stop 216 and stop 217 are respectively designated for stopping the mirror plate in rotating in a direction towards the ON state and in another direction towards the OFF state. By properly setting the length and the positions of the mirror stops and the distance between the mirror plate and the hinge, the ON state angle and the OFF state angle of all micromirrors can be uniformly achieved. The uniform OFF state angle and the ON state angle certainly improves the quality of performance of the micromirror array device. The qualities of the displayed images are improved.

The mirror plate rotates in response to an electrostatic field between the mirror plate and the electrode associated with the mirror plate. Specifically, an electrode is associated with the mirror plate for driving the mirror plate to rotate to the ON state. When the OFF state of the micromirror corresponds to a non-zero OFF state angle, a separate electrode (not shown) can be provided. The second electrode can be placed in any suitable location as along as it drives the mirror plate to rotate to the non-zero OFF state angle. For example, the second electrode can be placed on the same substrate as the first electrode for the ON state is disposed, but at a location on the opposite side of the rotation axis of the mirror plate. For another example, the second electrode can be disposed on the opposite side of the mirror plate in relation to the first electrode for the ON state. Alternative to forming the second electrode on the same substrate as the first electrode for the ON state being formed, the second electrode can be formed on the glass substrate, on which the micromirrors are formed. In this case, the second electrode is preferably an electrode grid, or electrode frame (or segments, such as stripes) below each micromirror. The second electrode can also be formed as an electrode film on the surface of the glass substrate, in which case, the electrode film is transparent to visible light. In addition to being used as electrode for driving the mirror plate to rotate, the second electrode on the glass substrate can also be used as light absorbing grid (or frame or segments) or anti-reflection film. Alternatively, the OFF state corresponding to the non-zero OFF state angle can be achieved without the second electrode. For example, a portion of the hinge structure can be made such that the portion is curved away from parallel to the substrate at the natural resting state. The mirror plate, which is attached to the curved portion present an angle to the substrate at the natural resting state.

Referring to FIG. 9 a and FIG. 9 b, another exemplary micromirror array device and micromirror are illustrated therein. As seen in FIG. 9 b, the shape of the mirror plate, shape of the hinge structure and relative arrangement of the mirror plate and the hinge structure of the micromirror are different from those in FIG. 8. In fact, the micromirror and the micromirror array of the micromirror array device can take many suitable forms. For example, the micromirrors and the electrodes of the micromirror array device can be formed on the same substrate (e.g. substrate 210 in FIG. 9 a). And more than one electrode can be disposed proximate to each micromirror for rotating the mirror plate of the micromirror. In this case, at least one electrode is designated for driving the mirror plate to rotate in a first rotational direction, and at least another electrode is designated for driving the mirror plate to rotate in a second rotational direction that is opposite to the first rotation direction.

There is a variety of ways to construct the micromirror device described above, such as the fabrication methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,835,256 and 6,046,840 both to Huibers, the subject matter of each being incorporated herein by reference. Regardless of the fabrication process, sacrificial materials are deposited between structures of the micromirrors and removed afterwards. For example, a sacrificial material is deposited between the mirror plate and the hinge to which the mirror plate is attached. The order of the fabrication steps for the mirror plate and the hinge depends upon the selected fabrication process and other factors, such as substrate. In particular, the mirror plate can be fabricated before the hinge, and alternatively, it can be fabricated after the hinge. For example, when the substrate is a silicon wafer, the hinge is fabricated before the mirror plate on the silicon wafer. For another example, when a glass substrate that is transmissive to visible light is used, the mirror plate is then fabricated before fabricating the hinge on the glass substrate. The sacrificial material also fills the space, such as gaps between adjacent micromirrors of the micromirror array. Removal of those sacrificial materials, however, is not a trivial process. As discussed earlier, the size of the gap between the hinge and the mirror plate is preferably from 0.15 to 0.45 microns, although the distance between the mirror plate and the hinge can be 0.15 to 1.5 microns according to the present invention. In order to efficiently remove sacrificial materials between the structures of the micromirrors, a spontaneous vapor phase chemical etching process is employed, which will be described in the following discussion on an exemplary fabrication process.

A demonstrative fabrication process for making the micromirror and the micromirror array device of the present invention will be discussed in the following with references to FIG. 10 a through FIG. 10 c. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/910,537 filed on Jul. 20, 2001 and 60/300,533 filed on Jun. 22, 2001 both to Reid contain examples of the materials that may be used for the various components of the present invention. These patent applications are also incorporated herein by reference. It should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the exemplary processes are for demonstration purpose only and should not be interpreted as limitations. In particular, although not limited thereto, the exemplary micromirror is formed on a glass substrate that is transparent to visible light. And electrode and circuitry are formed on a separate substrate, such as a silicon wafer. Alternatively, the micromirror and the electrode and circuitry can be formed on the same substrate.

Referring to FIG. 10 a, a cross-section view of a micromirror FIG. 8 b during an exemplary fabrication process is illustrated therein. The micromirror is formed on substrate 210, which can be glass (e.g. 1737F, Eagle 2000, quartz, Pyrex™, sapphire) that is transparent to visible light. First sacrificial layer 240 is deposited on substrate 210 followed by forming mirror plate 232. First sacrificial layer 240 may be any suitable material, such as amorphous silicon, or could alternatively be a polymer or polyimide, or even polysilicon, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide and tungsten, depending upon the choice of sacrificial materials, and the etchant selected. In the embodiment of the invention, the first sacrificial layer is amorphous silicon, and it is preferably deposited at 300-350° C. The thickness of the first sacrificial layer can be wide ranging depending upon the micromirror size and desired title angle of the micro-micromirror, though a thickness of from 500 Å to 50,000 Å, preferably close to 25,000 Å, is preferred. The first sacrificial layer may be deposited on the substrate using any suitable method, such as LPCVD or PECVD.

As an optional feature of the embodiment, an anti-reflection film maybe deposited on the surface of substrate 210. The anti-reflection film is deposited for reducing the reflection of the incident light from the surface of the substrate. Of course, other optical enhancing films may be deposited on either surface of the glass substrate as desired. In addition to the optical enhancing films, an electrode may be formed on a surface of substrate 210. The electrode can be formed as an electrode grid or a series of electrode segments (e.g. electrode strips) around the mirror plate. Alternatively, the electrode can be formed as an electrode film on the surface of substrate 210, in which case, the electrode film is transparent to visible light. The electrode can be used for driving the mirror plate to either the ON state or the OFF state. Alternatively, a light absorbing grid can be deposited on a surface of the glass substrate and around or below each micromirror. The light absorbing frame absorbs light incident onto and/or scattered light from the edges of the micromirrors. The absorption of the scattered light improves the quality of performance, such as contrast ratio, of the micromirror.

After depositing the first sacrificial layer, mirror plate 232 is deposited and patterned on the first sacrificial layer. Because the micromirror is designated for reflecting incident light in the spectrum of interest (e.g. visible light spectrum), it is preferred that the micromirror plate layer comprises of one or more materials that exhibit high reflectivity (preferably 90% or higher) to the incident light. The thickness of the micromirror plate can be wide ranging depending upon the desired mechanical (e.g. elastic module), the size of the micromirror, desired ON state angle and OFF state angle, and electronic (e.g. conductivity) properties of the mirror plate and the properties of the materials selected for forming the micromirror plate. According to the invention, a thickness from 500 Å to 50,000 Å, preferably around 2500 Å, is preferred for the mirror plate. In an embodiment of the invention, mirror plate 232 is a multi-layered structure, which comprises a SiO_(x) layer with a preferred thickness around 400 Å, a light reflecting layer of aluminum with a preferred thickness around 2500 Å, a titanium layer with a preferred thickness around 80 Å, and a 200 Å TiN_(x) layer. In addition to aluminum, other materials, such as Ti, AlSiCu and TiAl, having high reflectivity to visible light can also be used for the light reflecting layer. These mirror plate layers can be deposited by PVD at a temperature preferably around 150° C.

After deposition, mirror plate 232 is patterned into a desired shape, such as that in FIG. 8 b or FIG. 9 b. The patterning of the micromirror can be achieved using standard photoresist patterning followed by etching using, for example CF4, Cl2, or other suitable etchant depending upon the specific material of the micromirror plate layer.

After patterning mirror plate 232, second sacrificial layer 242 is deposited on the mirror plate 232 and first sacrificial layer 240. The second sacrificial layer may comprise amorphous silicon, or could alternatively comprise one or more of the various materials mentioned above in reference to the first sacrificial layer. First and second sacrificial layers need not be the same, although they are the same in the preferred embodiment so that, in the future, the etching process for removing these sacrificial materials can be simplified. Similar to the first sacrificial layer, the second sacrificial layer may be deposited using any suitable method, such as LPCVD or PECVD. In the embodiment of the invention, the second sacrificial layer comprises amorphous silicon deposited at approximate 350° C. The thickness of the second sacrificial layer can be on the order of 12,000 Å, but may be adjusted to any reasonable thickness, such as between 2,000 Å and 20,000 Å depending upon the desired distance (in the direction perpendicular to the micromirror plate and the substrate) between the micromirror plate and the hinge. It is preferred that the hinge and mirror plate be separated by a gap with a size from 0.1 to 1.5 microns, more preferably from 0.1 to 0.45 micron, and more preferably from 0.25 to 0.45 microns. Larger gaps could also be used, such as a gap from 0.5 to 1.5 micrometers, or from 0.5 to 0.8 micrometer, or from 0.8 to 1.25 micrometers, or from 1.25 to 1.5 micrometers.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the micromirror plate comprises aluminum, and the sacrificial layers (e.g. the first and second sacrificial layer) are amorphous silicon. This design, however, can cause defects due to the diffusion of the aluminum and silicon, especially around the edge of the mirror plate. To solve this problem, a protection layer (not shown) maybe deposited on the patterned micromirror plate before depositing the second sacrificial silicon layer such that the aluminum layer can be isolated from the silicon sacrificial layer. This protection may or may not be removed after removing the sacrificial materials. If the protection layer is not to be removed, it is patterned after deposition on the mirror plate.

The deposited second sacrificial layer is then patterned for forming two deep-via areas 248 and shallow via area 246 using standard lithography technique followed by etching, as shown in the figure. The etching step may be performed using Cl₂, BCl₃, or other suitable etchant depending upon the specific material(s) of the second sacrificial layer. The distance across the two deep-via areas depends upon the length of the defined diagonal of the micromirror plate. In an embodiment of the invention, the distance across the two deep-via areas after the patterning is preferably around 10 μm, but can be any suitable distance as desired. In order to form the shallow-via area, an etching step using CF₄ or other suitable etchant may be executed. The shallow-via area, which can be of any suitable size, is preferably on the order of 2.2 square microns. And the size of each deep-via is approximate 1.0 micron.

After patterning the second sacrificial layer, hinge structure layer 250 is deposited on the patterned second sacrificial layer. Because the hinge structure is designated for holding the hinge (e.g. hinge 222 in FIG. 8 b) and the micromirror plate (e.g. mirror plate 232 in FIG. 8 b), it is desired that the hinge structure layer comprises of materials having at least large elastic modulus. According to an embodiment of the invention, hinge structure layer 250 comprises a 400 Å thickness of TiN_(x) (although it may comprise TiN_(x), and may have a thickness between 100 Å and 2000 Å) layer deposited by PVD, and a 3500 Å thickness of SiN_(x) (although the thickness of the SiN_(x) layer may be between 2000 Å and 10,000 Å) layer 350 deposited by PECVD. Of course, other suitable materials and methods of deposition may be used (e.g. methods, such as LPCVD or sputtering). The TiN_(x) layer is not necessary for the invention, but provides a conductive contact surface between the micromirror and the hinge in order to, at least, reduce charge-induced stiction.

After the deposition, hinge structure layer 250 is patterned into a desired configuration, such as hinge structure 218 in FIG. 8 b. An etching step using one or more proper etchants is executed in patterning the hinge structure layer. In particular, the layer can be etched with a chlorine chemistry or a fluorine chemistry where the etchant is a perfluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon (or SF₆) that is energized so as to selectively etch the hinge support layers both chemically and physically (e.g. a plasma/RIE etch with CF₄, CHF₃, C₃F₈, CH₂F₂, C₂F₆, SF₆, etc. or more likely combinations of the above or with additional gases, such as CF₄/H₂, SF₆/Cl₂, or gases using more than one etching species such as CF₂Cl₂, all possibly with one or more optional inert diluents). Different etchants may, of course, be employed for etching each hinge support layer (e.g. chlorine chemistry for a metal layer, hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon (or SF₆) plasma for silicon or silicon compound layers, etc.).

Referring to FIG. 10 b, after patterning the hinge structure layer, the bottom segment of contact area 236 is removed and part of the micromirror plate underneath the contact area is thus exposed to hinge layer 238, which is deposited on the patterned hinge structure layer, to form an electric-contact with external electric source. The sidewalls of contact area 236 are left with residues of the hinge structure layers after patterning. The residue on the sidewalls helps to enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of the hinge. Each of the two deep-via areas 234 on either side of the mirror can form a continuous element with the deep-via areas corresponding to the adjacent micromirror in an array.

In the embodiment of the invention, the hinge layer is also used as an electric contact for the micromirror plate. It is desired that the material of the hinge layer is electrically conductive. Examples of suitable materials for the hinge layer are silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, polysilicon, Al, Ir, titanium, titanium nitride, titanium oxide(s), titanium carbide, CoSiN_(x), TiSiN_(x), TaSiN_(x), or other ternary and higher compounds. When titanium is selected for the hinge layer, it can be deposited at 100° C. Alternatively, the hinge layer may comprise of multi-layers, such as 100 Å TiN_(x) and 400 Å SiN_(x).

After deposition, the hinge layer is then patterned as desired using etching. Similar to the hinge structure layer, the hinge layer can be etched with a chlorine chemistry or a fluorine chemistry where the etchant is a perfluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon (or SF₆) that is energized so as to selectively etch the hinge layers both chemically and physically (e.g. a plasma/RIE etch with CF₄, CHF₃, C₃F₈, CH₂F₂, C₂F₆, SF₆, etc. or more likely combinations of the above or with additional gases, such as CF₄/H₂, SF₆/Cl₂, or gases using more than one etching species such as CF₂Cl₂, all possibly with one or more optional inert diluents). Different etchants may, of course, be employed for etching each hinge layer (e.g. chlorine chemistry for a metal layer, hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon (or SF₆) plasma for silicon or silicon compound layers, etc.).

After the hinge is formed, the micromirror is released by removing the sacrificial materials of the first and second sacrificial layers, which will be discussed in detail in the following with reference to FIG. 11 and FIG. 12. A cross-sectional view of the released micromirror device is presented in FIG. 10 c.

In order to efficiently remove the sacrificial material (e.g. amorphous silicon), the release etching utilizes an etchant gas capable of spontaneous chemical etching of the sacrificial material, preferably isotropic etching that chemically (and not physically) removes the sacrificial material. Such chemical etching and apparatus for performing such chemical etching are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/427,841 to Patel et al. filed Oct. 26, 1999, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/649,569 to Patel at al. filed Aug. 28, 2000, the subject matter of each being incorporated herein by reference. Preferred etchants for the release etch are gas phase fluoride etchants that, except for the optional application of temperature, are not energized. Examples include HF gas, noble gas halides such as xenon difluoride, and interhalogens such as IF₅, BrCl₃, BrF₃, IF₇ and ClF₃. The release etch may comprise inner gas components such as (N₂, Ar, Xe, He, etc.). In this way, the remaining sacrificial material is removed and the micromechanical structure is released. In one aspect of such an embodiment, XeF₂ is provided in an etching chamber with diluents (e.g. N₂ and He). The concentration of XeF₂ is preferably 8 Torr, although the concentration can be varied from 1 Torr to 30 Torr or higher. This non-plasma etch is employed for preferably 900 seconds, although the time can vary from 60 to 5000 seconds, depending on temperature, etchant concentration, pressure, quantity of sacrificial material to be removed, or other factors. The etch rate may be held constant at 18 Å/s/Torr, although the etch rate may vary from 1 Å/s/Torr to 100 Å/s/Torr. Each step of the release process can be performed at room temperature.

In addition to the above etchants and etching methods mentioned for use in either the final release or in an intermediate etching step, there are others that may also be used by themselves or in combination. Some of these include wet etches, such as ACT, KOH, TMAH, HF (liquid); oxygen plasma, SCCO₂, or super critical CO₂ (the use of super critical CO₂ as an etchant is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/167,272, which is incorporated herein by reference). However, spontaneous vapor phase chemical etchants are more preferred, because the sacrificial material, such as amorphous silicon within small spaces, (such as lateral gap 242 (between the mirror plate and the hinge) and small gap 240 (between the substrate and the mirror plate) in FIG. 13) can be efficiently removed via gaps between adjacent mirror plates and the lateral gap as compared to other sacrificial materials (e.g. organic materials) and other etching methods. Though not required in all embodiments of the present invention, a micromirror array with a small gap, a small pitch and a small distance between the hinge and the mirror plate can thus be more easily fabricated with such spontaneous vapor phase chemical etchants.

Referring to FIG. 11, a flow chart shows the steps executed in an exemplary etching process for removing the sacrificial material (amorphous silicon). The etching process starts at a breakthrough etching (step 254) in breakthrough etching chamber (272 in FIG. 12) of an etching system for removing the oxidation layers on the surfaces of the micromirror. This etching step may lasts for tens of seconds. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the micromirror is breakthrough etched around 30 seconds. The micromirror is then loaded into the etching chamber (e.g. 278 in FIG. 12) of the etching system for etching the sacrificial materials. One or more vapor phase etchants are prepared (step 258) in the building chamber (e.g. 274 in FIG. 12) for vaporizing the etchants and the expansion chamber (e.g. 276 in FIG. 12) for setting the vapor phase etchants to a certain pressure. The expanded vapor phase etchants are then pumped into (step 258) the etching chamber (e.g. etching chamber 278 in FIG. 12). The micromirror is then etched in the etching chamber for a time preferably around 1200 seconds so as to thoroughly remove the sacrificial materials. The etching of the micromirror in the etching chamber may be performed with an end-point detection technique for real-timely monitoring the etching process in the etching chamber. In particular, a residual gas analyzer, which analyzes the gas from the etching chamber, is preferably used. The residual gas analyzer measures the chemical components and the density of certain component (it can also measure the density variation rate of the certain component) of the gas from the etching chamber. From the measurements, the amount of sacrificial material inside the etching chamber may be derived. With the end-point detection, over-etching and incomplete etching may be avoided. When the etching in the etching chamber is finished (the sacrificial material is removed from the micromirror), the etching chamber is cleaned by pumping out the gases inside the etching chamber (step 262). The etched micromirror is then unloaded from the etching chamber (step 264). As an optional feature of the embodiment, the micromirror after etching is coated with a self-assembled-monolayer (SAM) for protecting the micromirror (e.g. from a trichlorosilane or trialkanesilane precursors). The SAM coating is performed at steps 264 through 270. Following step 263, wherein the micromirror is unloaded from the etching chamber, the micromirror is loaded into the SAM chamber (e.g. SAM chamber 280 in FIG. 12) (step 264). The SAM material is then pumped into the SAM chamber (step 266). The micromirror inside the SAM chamber is exposed to the SAM material for around 60 seconds, and coated with the SAM materials thereby. Finally, the micromirror is unloaded from the SAM chamber (step 270).

It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a new and useful spatial light modulator and a method of fabricating the spatial light modulator have been described herein. In view of many possible embodiments to which the principles of this invention may be applied, however, it should be recognized that the embodiments described herein with respect to the drawing figures are meant to be illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of invention. For example, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the illustrated embodiments can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from the spirit of the invention. In particular, the micromirrors and the electrode and circuitry can be formed on the same substrate. Also, though PVD and CVD are referred to above, other thin film deposition methods could be used for depositing the layers, including spin-on, sputtering, anodization, oxidation, electroplating and evaporation. Therefore, the invention as described herein contemplates all such embodiments as may come within the scope of the following claims and equivalents thereof. 

1-127. (canceled)
 128. A method, comprising: depositing two sacrificial layers on a substrate; forming an array of mirror plates on one of the two sacrificial layers; forming a hinge, for each mirror plate, on the other sacrificial layer of the two sacrificial layers, wherein the sacrificial layer between the mirror plate and the hinge is from 0.15 to 0.45 micrometers; and removing at least a portion of one or both of the two sacrificial layers using a spontaneous vapor phase chemical etchant.
 129. The method of claim 128, wherein the sacrificial layer between the mirror plate and the hinge is from 0.15 to 0.25 micrometers.
 130. The method of claim 123, wherein the sacrificial layer between the mirror plate and the hinge is from 0.25 to 0.35 micrometers.
 131. The method of claim 128, wherein the step of removing the two sacrificial layers using the spontaneous vapor phase etchant further comprises: removing the sacrificial layer between the substrate and the mirror plates via a gap between adjacent mirror plates.
 132. The method of claim 131, wherein the gap is 0.45 micrometers or less.
 133. The method of claim 131, wherein the gap is from 0.15 to 0.25 micrometers.
 134. The method of claim 131, wherein the gap is from 0.25 to 0.5 micrometers.
 135. The method of claim 128, wherein the step of forming the array of mirror plates on one of the two sacrificial layers, further comprising: forming the array of mirror plates such that a center-to-center distance between the adjacent mirror plates is from 4.38 to 10.16 micrometers.
 136. The method of claim 28, wherein the step of forming the array of mirror plates on one of the two sacrificial layers, further comprising: forming the array of mirror plates such that a center-to-center distance between the adjacent mirror plates is from 8.07 to 10.16 micrometers.
 137. The method of claim 128, wherein the step of forming the hinge on the other sacrificial layer for each mirror plate further comprises: forming the hinge for the mirror plate such that, after removing the sacrificial layers, a) the mirror plate can rotate relative to the substrate along a rotation axis that is parallel to but offset from a diagonal of the mirror plate when viewed from the top of the mirror plate; and b) the mirror plate can rotate to an angle at least 14 degrees relative to the substrate; and wherein the step of forming the array of mirror plates on the sacrificial layer further comprises: forming the array of mirror plates on the sacrificial layer such that adjacent mirror plates have a center-to-center distance from 4.38 to 10.16 micrometers.
 138. The method of claim 128, wherein the step of forming the hinge on the sacrificial layer for each mirror plate further comprises: forming the hinge such that, after removing the two sacrificial layers, the mirror plate can rotate to a rotation angle at least 14 degrees relative to the substrate.
 139. The method of claim 28, wherein the step of removing the sacrificial layers farther comprises: monitoring an endpoint of the sacrificial layer being removed using a residual gas analyzer.
 140. The method of claim 128, wherein one or both of the sacrificial layers are amorphous silicon.
 141. The method of claim 128, wherein the spontaneous vapor phase chemical etchant is an interhalogen.
 142. The method of claim 128, wherein the spontaneous vapor phase chemical etchant is a noble gas halide.
 143. The method of claim 142, wherein the noble gas halide comprises xenon difluoride.
 144. The method of claim 141, wherein the interhalogen comprises bromine trichloride or bromine trifluoride.
 145. The method of claim 128, wherein a diluent is mixed with the spontaneous vapor phase chemical etchant.
 146. The method of claim 145, wherein the diluent is selected from N₂, He, Ar, Kr and Xe.
 147. The method of claim 145, wherein the diluent is selected from N₂ and He.
 148. A spatial light modulator, comprising: an array of movable mirror plates, each mirror plate being attached to a hinge that is supported by a hinge structure such that the minor plate can rotate relative to a substrate, on which the hinge structure is formed; and wherein the hinge and the mirror plate is spaced apart from 0.15 to 0.45 micrometers; wherein each mirror plate has an area; and wherein a ratio of a summation of all areas of the mirror plates to an area of the substrate is 90 percent or more.
 149. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the adjacent mirror plates of the array of mirror plates have a center-to-center distance from 4.38 to 10.16 micrometers.
 150. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the adjacent mirror plates of the array of mirror plates have a gap from 0.15 to 0.25 micrometers when the adjacent mirror plates are parallel to the substrate.
 151. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the adjacent mirror plates have a gap from 0.25 to 0.45 micrometers.
 152. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the adjacent mirror plates of the array of mirror plates have a gap of 0.45 micrometers or less when the adjacent mirror plates are parallel to the substrate.
 153. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the array of mirror plates comprises at least 1280 mirror plates along a length of the mirror plate array.
 154. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the array of mirror plates comprises at least 1400 mirror plates along a length of the mirror plate array.
 155. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the array of mirror plates comprises at least 1600 mirror plates along a length of the mirror plate array.
 156. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the array of mirror plates comprises at least 1920 mirror plates along a length of the mirror plate array.
 157. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the hinge and the mirror plate is spaced apart from 0.15 to 0.25 micrometers.
 158. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the hinge and the mirror plate is spaced apart from 0.25 to 0.35 micrometers.
 159. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the hinge and the mirror plate is spaced apart from 0.35 to 0.45 micrometers.
 160. The spatial light modulator of claim 149, wherein the center-to-center distance of adjacent mirror plates is from 6.23 to 9.34 micrometers.
 161. The spatial light modulator of claim 149, wherein the center-to-center distance of adjacent mirror plates is from 4.38 to 6.57 micrometers.
 162. The spatial light modulator of claim 149, wherein the center-to-center distance of adjacent mirror plates is from 4.38 to 9.34 micrometers.
 163. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the hinge is attached to the mirror plate such that the mirror plate can rotate relative to the substrate along a rotation axis that is parallel to but offset from a diagonal of the mirror plate when viewed from the top of the mirror plate; wherein the mirror plate can rotate to an angle at least 14 degrees relative to the substrate; and wherein the adjacent mirror plates has a center-to-center distance from 4.38 to 10.16 micrometers; and wherein the hinge and the mirror plate is spaced apart from 0.15 to 0.25 micrometers.
 164. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, further comprising: an electrode proximate to each minor plate for electrostatically deflecting the mirror plate.
 165. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the substrate is glass or quartz that is visible light transmissive.
 166. The spatial light modulator of claim 165, wherein the substrate comprises an anti-reflection film on a surface of the substrate.
 167. The spatial light modulator of claim 165, wherein the substrate comprises a light absorption frame around an edge of the substrate.
 168. (canceled)
 169. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein each mirror plate rotate relative to the substrate in response to an electrostatic field.
 170. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, further comprising: a first electrode that drives the mirror plate rotate in a first rotation direction relative to the substrate; and a second electrode that drives the mirror plate rotate in a second rotation direction opposite to the first rotation direction relative to the substrate.
 171. The spatial light modulator of claim 170, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode arc on the same side relative to the rotation axis of the mirror plate.
 172. The spatial light modulator of claim 170, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are on the opposite sides relative to the rotation axis of the mirror plate.
 173. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the substrate is semiconductor.
 174. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a first direction to an angle from 15° degrees to 27° degrees relative to the substrate.
 175. The spatial light modulator of claim 174, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a second direction to an angle from 2° degrees to 9° degrees relative to the substrate.
 176. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a first direction to an angle from 17.5° degrees to 22.5° degrees relative to the substrate.
 177. The spatial light modulator of claim 176, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a second direction to an angle from 2° degrees to 9° degrees relative to the substrate.
 178. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a first direction to an angle around 20° degrees relative to the substrate.
 179. The spatial light modulator of claim 178, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a second direction to an angle from 2° degrees to 9° degrees relative to the substrate.
 180. The spatial light modulator of claim 148, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a first direction to an angle around 30° degrees relative to the substrate.
 181. The spatial light modulator of claim 180, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a second direction to an angle from 2° degrees to 9° degrees relative to the substrate.
 182. The spatial light modulator of claim 150 wherein a center-to-center distance between adjacent mirror plates is from 4.38 to 10.16 micrometers.
 183. The spatial light modulator of claim 149, wherein the minor plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a first direction to an angle from 12° degrees to 20° degrees relative to the substrate.
 184. The spatial light modulator of claim 183, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a second direction to an angle from 2° degrees to 9° degrees relative to the substrate.
 185. The spatial light modulator of claim 182, wherein the mirror plate is attached to the hinge such that the mirror plate rotates in a first direction to an angle from 12° degrees to 20° degrees relative to the substrate.
 186. The spatial light modulator of claim 185, wherein the minor plate is attached to the lunge such that the mirror plate rotates in a second direction to an angle from 2° degrees to 9° degrees relative to the substrate.
 187. A projection system, comprising: a light source; a spatial light modulator that further comprises: an array of mirror devices formed on a substrate for selectively reflecting light incident on the mirror devices, wherein each mirror device comprises: a mirror plate for reflecting light; a hinge attached to the mirror plate such that the mirror plate can rotate relative to the substrate, wherein the hinge and the mirror plate are spaced apart from 0.15 to 0.45 micrometers; and a hinge support on the substrate for holding the hinge on the substrate; a condensing lens for directing light from the light source onto the spatial light modulator; and a projecting lens for collecting and directing light reflected from the spatial light modulator onto a display target. 